Methyl Alcohol (Methanol) Intoxication
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17986/blm.1336Keywords:
methanol, methanol intoxication, deathAbstract
Methanol is a clear, colorless and highly toxic substance obtained from destructive distillation of wood. Methanol, which is generally used as solvent and antifreeze in industrial solvents, paints, varnishes, gasoline mixtures and automobiles, is a type of non-drinking alcohol due to its taste and odor. It can be produced as a by-product during the production of distilled alcoholic beverages. Accidental or suicidal ingestion of methanol can cause intoxication. Methanol often causes oral intoxications. Methanol intoxication occasionally occurs in epidemics. Metabolites of methyl alcohol are toxic. Most of the symptoms of methanol intoxication are associated with metabolic acidosis. Symptoms are usually related to the central nervous system, eyes and gastrointestinal tract and occur after a latent period. It can have serious consequences such as blindness and death. Prognosis is correlated with the degree of metabolic acidosis. The toxic dose of methyl alcohol in human is in a wide range. Hemorrhage and necrosis in the basal ganglia and hemorrhage in the putamen are the findings obtained in radiological examinations and autopsy studies. Methanol levels in the blood of the autopsy cases are quite different. In our country, there has been a significant increase in the number of intoxication cases and deaths as individuals started to produce their own drinks or turned to fake drinks due to the increasing taxes and alcohol prices. In order not to increase the number of intoxication cases and deaths, the government should make the necessary arrangements and take precautions as soon as possible.
Downloads
References
Bozzano G, Manenti F. Efficient Methanol Synthesis: Perspectives, Technologies and Optimization Strategies. Prog Energy Combust Sci. 2016;56:71-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2016.06.001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2016.06.001
Kayaalp SO. Alkoller In: Tıbbi Farmakoloji. Ankara: Hacettepe-Taş;1998. p. 921-33.
Shafi H, Imran M, Usman H, Sarwar M, Tahir M. Eight Fatalities Due to Drinking Methanol-tainted Alcohol in Pakistan: A Case Report. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2016;6:515-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.06.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.06.004
Chen L, Jiang Q, Song Z, Posarac D. Optimization of Methanol Yield from a Lurgi Reactor. Chem. Eng. Technol. 2011;34(5):817-22. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201000282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201000282
Taymaz İ, Benli M. Metanolün Taşıtlarda Enerji Kaynağı Olarak Farklı Kullanım Yöntemlerinin İncelenmesi. Mühendis ve Makina. 2009;50:20-6.
Moral A, Çankayalı İ, Sergin D, Boyacılar Ö. Deneysel Akut Metanol İntoksikasyonunda Nöromüsküler Fonksiyonlar. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim. 2015;43:337-43. https://doi.org/10.5152/TJAR.2015.13471. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5152/TJAR.2015.13471
Maejima K, Suzuki T, Numata H, Maekawa A, Nagase S, Ishinishi N. Recovery from Changes in the Blood and Nasal Cavityand and/or Lungs of Rats Caused by Exposure to Metanol-fueled Engine Exhaust. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1993;39:323-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287399309531755. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15287399309531755
Bulur A. Çukurova Bölgesinde Üretilen Boğma Rakıların Kimyasal Bileşimleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Adana, Çukurova Üniversitesi,2010.
Yaycı N, İnanıcı MA. Metil Alkol (Metanol) Zehirlenmesi. Turkiye Klinikleri J Foren Med. 2005;2:101-8.
Kruse JR. Methanole poisoning. Intensive Care Med. 1992;18:391-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01694340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01694340
Baduroğlu E, Durak D. Alkol İle İlgili Adli Tıp Sorunları. Uludağ Üni. Tıp Fakültesi Derg. 2010;36(2):65-71.
Givens M, Kalbfleisch K, Bryson S. Comparison of Methanol Exposure Routes Reported to Texas Poison Control Centers. West J Emerg Med. 2008;9(3):150-153.
Wallace E, Green A. Methanol Toxicity Secondary to İnhalant Abuse in Adult Men. Clin Toxicol. 2009;47:239-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650802498781. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650802498781
Köprülü AŞ, Şener T, Sungar D, Turunç V, Kalfoğlu E. Accidental Transdermal Methanol Poisoning: Difficulties and Suggestions: Case Report. Turkiye Klinikleri J Case Rep. 2016;24(1):89-92. https://doi.org/10.5336/caserep.2014-41812. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5336/caserep.2014-41812
Vural S. Transdermal Methanol Intoxication Via Folk Medicine. J Emerg Med Case Rep. 2019;10(2):50-2. https://doi.org/10.33706/jemcr.551137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33706/jemcr.551137
Robledo C, Saracho R. Methanol Poisoning Caused by Inhalation of Solvent. Nefrologia (English Edition). 2018;38(6):679-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefroe.2018.03.013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefroe.2018.03.013
Keklikoğlu HD, Yoldaş TK, Çoruh Y. Metanol Zehirlenmesi ve Putaminal Hemoraji: Olgu Sunumu. J Neurol Sci. (Turk). 2007;13:338-42.
Turla A, Yaycı NO, Koç S. Ölümle Sonuçlanan Metil Alkol (Metanol) Zehirlenmeleri. J For Med (Turk). 2001;15(1):37-44.
İnanıcı MA, Birgen N, Anolay N. Methyl Alcohol Poisonning: an Autopsy Study. 18th Congress of the International Academy of Legal Medicine; 6-9 Sept. 2000, Santiago De Compostela, Spain.
Eke M, Büyük Y, Dinç H, Çitici I. Ankarada Otopsisi Yapılmış Fatal Alkol Entoksikasyonları (2001-2004). J For Med (Turk). 2007;21(2):25-30.
Gülmen MK, Meral D, Hilal A, Akcan R, Çekin N. Methanol Intoxications in Adana, Turkey. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods J. 2006;16:353-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376520600616917. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15376520600616917
Sönmez E, Karakuş A, Çavuş UY, Civelek C, İpek G, Zeren C. Bir Üniversite Hastanesi Acil Servisine Başvuran Zehirlenme Olgularının Değerlendirilmesi. Dicle Tıp Derg. 2012;39(1):21-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5798/diclemedj.0921.2012.01.0088
Kurtas O, Imre KY, Ozer E, Can M, Birincioglu I, Butun C, et al. The Evaluation of Deaths Due to Methyl Alcohol Intoxication. Biomedical Research. 2017;28(8):3680-7.
Kaya K, Tok ÖK, Dip A, Hilal A, Çekin N. Methanol Releated Deaths in Adana, Turkey. Acad J Sci Res. 2019;7(7):419-22. https://doi.org/10.15413/ajsr.2019.0203
Anderson IB. Methanol. In: Kent R. Olson, editor. Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 4th ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2004. p. 260-1.
Pohanka M, Toxicology and the Biological Role of Methanol and Ethanol: Current View. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2016;160(1):54-63. https://doi.org/10.5507/bp.2015.023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5507/bp.2015.023
Palatnick W, Redman L, Sitar D, Tenenbein M. Methanol Half-life During Ethanol Administration: Implicationsfor Management of Methanol Poisoning From the Departments of Emergency Medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;26:202-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(95)70152-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-0644(95)70152-4
Roberts DM, Yates C, Megarbane B, Winchester JF, Maclaren R, Gosselin S, et. al. Recommendations for the Role of Extracorporeal Treatments in the Management of Acute Methanol Poisoning: A Systematic Review and Consensus Statement. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(2):461-72. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000708. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000708
Brent J. Fomepizole for Ethylene Glycol and Methanol Poisoning. Engl J Med. 2009;360:2216-23. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMct0806112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMct0806112
Vural N. Toksikoloji. 2. Baskı. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi;2005. p. 481-4.
Taşyürek M. İş Hijyeni & Kimyasal Etkenler. Bursa: Kimya Mühendisler Odası Bursa Şubesi Yayınları; 2014.
Pohanish RP. Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens. 6th ed. USA: Elsevier; 2012. p. 1752-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-7869-4.00017-5
NSC [Internet]. Faculty Portal: Fundamentals Industrial Hygiene 6th ed. [Updeted: 3 Aug 2018]. Apppendix B - ACGIH Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents 2012. Available from: https://www.nsc.org/Portals/0/Documents/facultyportal/Documents/fih-6e-appendix-b.pdf.
Swartz RD, Millman RP, Billi JE, Bondar NP, Migdal SD, Simonian SK, et al. Epidemic Methanol Poisoning: Clinical and Biochemical Analysis of a Recent Episode. Medicine. 1981;60:373-82. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-198109000-00005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-198109000-00005
Aghababaeian H, Ahvazi LA, Ostadtaghizadeh A. The Methanol Poisoning Outbreaks in Iran 2018. Alcohol Alcohol. 2019;54(2):128-30. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agz005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agz005
Abidin MA, Jalaluddin NZ, Halim HA, Rao G, Habib MN, Suli Z. Methanol Outbreak in the District of Hulu Langat, 2018. Med J Malaysia. 2019;74(5):413-7.
Bennett IL Jr, Cary FH, Mitchell GL, et al. Acute Methyl Alcohol Poisoning: A Review Based on Experiences in An Outbreak of 323 Cases. Medicine. 1953;32(4):431-63. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-195312000-00002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-195312000-00002
Cabaroğlu T, Yılmaztekin M. Methanol and Major Volatile Compounds of Turkish Raki and Effect of Distillate Source. J. Inst. Brew. 2011;117(1):98-105. DOİ: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.2011.tb00449.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.2011.tb00449.x
Dönderici ZS, Dönderici A, Sayan M. Adana Hıfzıssıhha Enstitüsüne Ocak 2007 ile Aralık 2011 Arasında Gönderilen Boğma Rakı Çeşitlerindeki Metanol Miktarının İncelenmesi. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2013;70(2):59-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5505/TurkHijyen.2013.17363
Klaassen CD, Watkins JB. Casarett & Doull’s Toksikolojinin Temelleri. 3. baskı. Ankara: Nobel;2017. p. 755-7.
Ashurst JV, Nappe TM. Methanol Toxicity. [Updated 2019 Nov 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482121/.
IPCS INCHEM [Internet]. Methanol [cited 2019 Jun 18]. Environmental Health Criteria 196. Available from: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc196.htm.
T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Birinci Basamağa Yönelik Zehirlenmeler Tanı Ve Tedavi Rehberleri. Ankara: Refik Saydam Hıfzıssıhha Merkezi Başkanlığı; 2007. p. 165-70.
Ziegler SL. The Ocular Menace Of Wood Alcohol Poisoning. Br J Ophthalmol. 1921;5(8):365-73. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.5.8.365. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.5.8.365
Zakharov S, Pelclova D, Navratil T, Belacek J, Komarc M, Eddleston M, et al. Fomepizole versus Ethanol in Thetreatment of Acute Methanol Poisoning: Comparison of Clinical Effectiveness in A Mass Poisoning Outbreak. Clin Toxicol. 2015;53(8):797-806. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2015.1059946. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2015.1059946
Shahangian S, Ash KO. Formic and Lactic Acidosis in a Fatal Case of Methanol Intoxication. Clın Chem. 1986;32/2:395-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/32.2.395
Martin-Amat G, McMartin KE, Hayreh SS, Hayreh MS, Tephly TR. Methanol Poisoning: Ocular Toxicity Produced by Formate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1978;45(1):201-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(78)90040-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(78)90040-6
Barceloux DG, Bond GR, Krenzelok EP, Cooper H, Allister J. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology Practice Guidelines on the Treatment of Methanol Poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2002;40(4):415–46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1081/CLT-120006745
Hayreh MS, Hayreh SS, Baumbach GL, Cancilla P, Martin-Amat G, Tephly TR, McMartin KE, Makar AB. Methyl Alcohol Poisoning III. Ocular toxicity. Arch Ophthalmol. 1977;95(10):1851-8. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1977.04450100153022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1977.04450100153022
Ran M, Li Y, Zhang L, Wu W, Lin J, Liu Q, et al. Clinical Features, Treatment, And Prognosis Of Acute Methanol Poisoning: Experiences In An Outbreak. Int J Clin Exp Med 2019;12(5):5938-50.
Ünal Ö, Tombul T, Arslan H, Şişman E, Erkoç R. Metil Alkol İntoksikasyonu: Olgu Sunumu. Van Tıp Derg. 1999;6:31-2.
Grufferman S, Morris D, Alvarez J. Methanol Poisoning Complicated by Myoglobinuric Renal Failure. Am J Emerg Med. 1985;3:24-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-6757(85)90006-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-6757(85)90006-3
Nanji AA. Absence of Symptoms and Acidosis in Potentially Lethal Methanol Poisoning. Ann Emerg Med. 1984;13:487.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-0644(84)80040-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-0644(84)80040-2
Beatty L, Green R, Magee K, Zed P. A Systematic Review of Ethanol and Fomepizole Use in Toxic Alcohol Ingestions. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Emerg Med Int. 2013;2013:638057. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/638057. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/638057
Rietjens SJ, de Lange DW, Meulenbelt J. Ethylene Glycol or Methanol Intoxication: Which Antidote Should Be Used, Fomepizole or Ethanol?. Neth J Med. 2014;72(2):73-9.
Mulder GJ, Dencker L, editors. Pharmaceutical Toxicology. 1st ed. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press; 2006.
Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Pajoumand A, Dadgar SM, Shadnia SH. Prognostic Factors in Methanol Poisoning. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2007;26:583–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327106080077. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327106080077
Chew WB. Alkali Treatment Of Methyl Alcohol Poisoning. J Amer Med Ass. 1946;130(2):61. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1946.02870020005002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1946.02870020005002
Chung YJ, Ho CH, Chen YC, Chen JH, Lin HJ, Wang JJ, et al. Association Between Acute Methanol Poisoning and Subsequent Mortality: A Nationwide Study in Taiwan. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):985. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5918-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5918-3
Patil AM, Meshram SK, Kharat RD, Mohite SC, Vaz WF, Sukhadeve RB, et al. Profile of Fatal Methyl Alcohol Poisoning Outbreak - A Medicolegal Autopsy Case Study. Indian J Med Forensic Med Toxicol. 2013;7(1):16-20.
Rohani M, Munhoz R, Haeri G. Abnormal Movements Induced by Methanol Toxicity. Postgrad Med J 2017;93:1. https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2017-134947. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2017-134947
Mittal BV, Desai AP, Khade KR. Methyl Alcohol Poisoning an Autopsy Study of 28 Cases. J Postgrad Med 1991;37:9-13.
Eyvaz S, Yalçın N. Canlı ve Ölü İnsan Kan Örneklerinde Metanol Entoksikasyonunun İncelenmesi. SAU Fen Bil Der. 2002;6(2):178-84.
Turan N, Tırtıl L, Koç S. Alkol, Uyuşturucu ve Benzeri Madde İntoksikasyonlarının Adli Tıbbi Özellikleri. Klinik Gelişim. 2009;22:133-40.
Battal D. Adli Toksikoloji Analizlerinde Biyolojik Örnek Ve Analitik Yöntem Seçimleri. Adli Tıp Dergisi. 2012; 27(1):44-53.
Azmak D, Erdönmez Ö, Altun G, Zeren C, Yılmaz A. Edirne İlinde Metil Alkol Zehirlenmesine Bağlı 13 Ölüm Olgusunun İncelenmesi. Yıllık Adli Tıp Toplantıları Kongre Kitabı. Antalya; 2002. p. 193-6.
Yayci N, Agritmiş H, Turla A, Koç S. Fatalities due to Methyl Alcohol Intoxication in Turkey: An 8-year Study. Forensic Sci Int . 2003;131:36-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-0738(02)00376-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-0738(02)00376-6
Andresen H, Schmoldt H, Matschke J, Flachskampf FA, Turk EE. Fatal Methanol Intoxication with Different Survival Time - Morphological Findings and Postmortem Methanol Distribution. Forensic Sci Int. 2008;179(2-3):206-10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.05.014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.05.014
Wallage HR, Watterson JH. Formic Acid and Methanol Concentrations in Death Investigations. J Anal Toxicol. 2008;32(3):241-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/32.3.241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/32.3.241
Ghorbani H, Nezami A, Sheikholeslami B, Hedjazi A, Ahmadimanesh M. Simultaneous Measurement of Formic Acid, Methanol and Ethanol in Vitreous and Blood Samples of Postmortem by Headspace GC-FID. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2018;13:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-017-0184-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-017-0184-3
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 The Bulletin of Legal Medicine
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The Journal and content of this website is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) License. The Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) allows users to copy, distribute and transmit an article, adapt the article and make commercial use of the article. The CC BY license permits commercial and non-commercial re-use of an open access article, as long as the author is properly attributed.
